Norfolk Heat Vulnerability

This project would not be possible without the time and effort of nearly 40 volunteers. A special note of appreciation to Dr. Jeremy Hoffman, Chief Scientist at the Science Museum of Virginia, CAPA Strategies, LLC, and the Virginia Department of Forestry who helped fund the initiative.

 The Lines That Shape Our Cities 

 How Decades of Racist Housing Policy Left Neighborhoods Sweltering 

 Living Together, Living Apart  

Allen, M. J., & Sheridan, S. C. (2016). Spatio-temporal changes in heat waves and cold spells: an analysis of 55 US cities. Physical Geography, 37(3-4), 189-209. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02723646.2016.1184078?journalCode=tphy20

American Community Survey (2019) U.S. Census www.census.gov

Balch, B. (2019) In July, more than 1,000 in Virginia have sought emergency care for heat-related illness, Richmond Times-Dispatch. https://richmond.com/news/virginia/in-july-more-than-1-000-in-virginia-have-sought-emergency-care-for-heat-related/article_3c86c3a0-dc04-5ff6-9aa2-1f70ca4d9936.html

C40 Knowledge Hub (2019) How to adapt your city to extreme heat https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/How-to-adapt-your-city-to-extreme-heat

Climate Central (2019) Local: records by decade. https://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/local-records-by-decade

Hoffman, J. S., Shandas, V., & Pendleton, N. (2020). The effects of historical housing policies on resident exposure to intra-urban heat: A study of 108 US urban areas. Climate, 8(1), 12.

International Labor Organization (2019) Working on a warmer planet, International Labour Office https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_711919.pdf

Johnson, A. (2017) With all power cut, tens of thousands flee N.C. Outer Banks Isladns, NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/all-power-cut-tens-thousands-flee-north-carolina-outer-banks-n787971

Mapping Inequality (2020), University of Richmond Digital Scholarship Lab, https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining

McKenzie, B. (2019) Fire bans exacted as drought conditions continue in area, The Daily Progress https://dailyprogress.com/weather/fire-bans-enacted-as-drought-conditions-continue-in-area/article_0d08b309-e97e-548b-9316-dec717c16673.html

Morris, R. and Williams, R. (2019) To prepare for rising temperatures, scientists map urban ‘hot spots’, National Geographic Magazine https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/map-shows-urban-heat-islands-washington-dc

NASA (2021) The Causes of Climate Change, Vital Signs of the Planet https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/

National Land Cover Database (2016) U.S. Geological Survey https://www.mrlc.gov/data/nlcd-2016-land-cover-conus

National Weather Service (2019) Weather Related Fatalities and Injury Statistics https://www.weather.gov/hazstat

National Weather Service (2021) Heat Index, Weather Safety. https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-index

Nicholas, J. and J. Calma (2019) How a hot city can keep its cool, Grist https://youtu.be/4bqqbYCfYYs

NOAA (2018) where do we need shade? Mapping urban heat islands in Richmond, Virginia. U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit, https://toolkit.climate.gov/case-studies/where-do-we-need-shade-mapping-urban-heat-islands-richmond-virginia

Reilly, K. and J. Bates (2019) An 'Extremely Dangerous' Heat Wave Will Hit 195 Million Americans This Weekend. Here's How to Stay Safe, Time Magazine. https://time.com/5628121/united-states-heat-wave-july/

Samuels, Michelle (2020) Heat may kill more people in the U.S. than previously reported; Boston University School of Public Health, https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2020/heat-may-kill-more-people-in-the-us-than-previously-reported/

Sheridan, S. C., Lee, C. C., & Allen, M. J. (2019). The mortality response to absolute and relative temperature extremes. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(9), 1493.

The Nature Conservancy (2017) To protect vulnerable populations, plant more trees, https://www.nature.org/en-us/what-we-do/our-insights/perspectives/to-protect-vulnerable-populations--plant-more-trees/

U.S. Department of Agriculture (2019) Farmworkers pick strawberries, Lance Cheung https://www.flickr.com/photos/usdagov/47075383914

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992) Cooling Our Communities: A Guidebook on tree planting and light-colored surfaces, National Service Center for Environmental Publications, p. 243

VIMS (2021) Harmful Algal Blooms, https://www.vims.edu/bayinfo/habs/index.php

WAVY 10 News (2019) What’s Norfolk’s hottest area? Scientists to record temps on scorching Saturday. Story by Jason Marks, https://www.wavy.com/news/whats-norfolks-hottest-area-scientists-to-record-temps-on-scorching-saturday/

Weinberger, K. R., Harris, D., Spangler, K. R., Zanobetti, A., & Wellenius, G. A. (2020). Estimating the number of excess deaths attributable to heat in 297 United States counties. Environmental Epidemiology, 4(3), e096.

WGN News (2020) Officials mark 25th anniversary of Chicago heat wave https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJnx4eQVrLc